At what angle do sun rays reach maximum density?

Sun rays reach maximum density when they strike a surface at a 90-degree angle. This is because sunlight is most intense and concentrated when it travels directly perpendicular to the surface. At this angle, the sun's rays cover the smallest area possible, allowing for maximum energy absorption by any surface, such as solar panels or the ground.

As the angle decreases from 90 degrees, the same amount of sunlight is spread over a larger surface area, resulting in reduced intensity and energy density. For instance, at 45 degrees, the rays become more diffuse, and at angles like 30 degrees or even more shallow, the sunlight is significantly less concentrated. Therefore, for applications like solar energy, the efficiency of systems is optimized when the sun's rays are as direct as possible.